SynthesisAmerican journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council2026
Second-To-Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionThe second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is considered an indirect marker of prenatal sex hormone exposure and has been investigated as a potential indicator of susceptibility to hormone-related diseases, including breast cancer. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the relationship between the 2D:4D finger ratio and breast cancer risk.
methodsThis systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched without publication year restrictions. Eligible observational studies were selected using predefined PICOS criteria, and methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists.
resultsSeven observational studies involving 13 556 women (2817 breast cancer cases and 10 739 controls) were included. Most case-control studies reported significantly higher right- and/or left-hand 2D:4D ratios among women with breast cancer than among healthy controls. However, the prospective cohort study reported an association only for the left-hand 2D:4D ratio, whereas the largest multicenter case-control study did not demonstrate a consistent overall association between right- or left-hand 2D:4D ratios and breast cancer risk. Overall, current findings suggest a possible association between higher 2D:4D ratios and breast cancer risk, although substantial heterogeneity exists across studies.
conclusionThis systematic review suggests that the 2D:4D finger ratio may be associated with breast cancer risk. However, substantial heterogeneity across studies warrants cautious interpretation, and further large prospective studies are needed to clarify its potential role in breast cancer risk assessment.
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