ReviewAnnals of biomedical engineering2026
Interventional Embolization Under Multifactorial Coupling: Mechanisms of Embolic-Agent Distribution and Feasibility of Closed-Loop Automatic Injection.
Review in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThis narrative review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the mechanisms governing embolic-agent distribution and to examine the engineering rationale and translational feasibility of closed-loop or semi-automated embolic-agent injection.
methodsA structured search and targeted review of experimental, computational, and clinical studies were used to synthesize evidence on particle properties, injection parameters, hemodynamics, imaging feedback, and pressure monitoring related to embolization. Evidence was analyzed from a biomedical engineering perspective, with emphasis on transport mechanisms, sensing modalities, and control-relevant variables.
resultsEmbolic-agent distribution arises from the coupled effects of particle size, shape, and material properties; injection rate, mode, and catheter configuration; and lesion- and device-induced hemodynamic alterations. Quantitative digital subtraction angiography (qDSA and 4D-DSA) provides spatial and perfusion-related information, whereas local arterial pressure more directly reflects distal resistance evolution and reflux tendency. Taken together, these findings support an engineering interpretation of embolization as a constrained transport-flow-control process in which embolic distribution, endpoint assessment, and procedural safety are jointly influenced by particle characteristics, hemodynamics, and feedback-informed injection strategy.
conclusionBy reframing embolization as a coupled transport and control problem, this review integrates multifactorial distribution mechanisms with multimodal feedback concepts and outlines a preliminary engineering framework for future feedback-informed embolic-agent delivery systems.
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Identifiers
42566076What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.