Operation Melilli, forensic humanitarian medico legal activities on the largest known Mediterranean disaster: the shipwreck of April 18th, 2015.

On April 18th, 2015, a boat carrying about 1,000 migrants sank in the Strait of Sicily, prompting one of the most complex recovery missions ever conducted in the Mediterranean. Operation Melilli was the first time a European Government authorized the recovery of a sunken migrant ship to identify all victims. The Italian Navy and Fire Brigade recovered the wreck and remains, while forensic pathologists, anthropologists, and radiologists from 13 universities, coordinated by the Commissioner for Missing Persons, conducted the postmortem examinations. From the wreck, 528 bodies and 30,000 commingled remains-mostly of young Sub-Saharan men-were retrieved. Collaboration with the International Committee and Italian Red Cross enabled antemortem data collection for over 300 missing persons. Ten years later, 33 victims have been identified through DNA analysis and other 40 are currently being confirmed as operations are still ongoing at the time of the preparation of his article. Beyond the number of identifications achieved so far, Operation Melilli demonstrated that migrant deaths can be addressed with the same forensic rigor, dignity and traceability expected in any other mass disaster. Its humanitarian value lies not only in the identities already restored and to be restored in the future, but also in the systematic recovery, documentation, sampling of the victims and preservation of their personal belongings, which keep future identifications possible. This operation also prompts broader considerations regarding resource allocation, international cooperation, and ethical responsibility in responding to such events. As such, Operation Melilli stands therefore as enduring evidence of how forensic science can serve humanitarian goals. Our experience also shows that these tasks are feasible and would not require extreme financial resources from the EU but rather more efficient collection and exchanges of ante and postmortem data at least among European countries. In the words of then-Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi (2014-2016): "We are human, there are 500, 600 people, children who died in this manner. I think it is right for ltaly to reveal its centuries of civilization. Let's go and recover that boat […] I want the entire world to see".