ArticlePhotochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology2026
In situ formation of TiS₂-decorated anatase TiO₂ via sulfate-derived synthesis for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen.
Article in Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) remains one of the most investigated photocatalysts for environmental remediation; however, its practical application under visible light is still limited by its wide band gap and rapid electron-hole recombination. In this work, TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized by a modified polymeric precursor method using different citric acid/metal ratios, leading to materials with distinct structural and surface properties. Structural analyses confirmed the formation of anatase TiO₂ with nanometric crystallite sizes and high specific surface area. Spectroscopic and EPR analyses revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies, Ti³⁺ species, and sulfur-related surface defects, which contributed to enhanced visible-light absorption and charge separation. Among the synthesized materials, the M1C15 sample exhibited the best photocatalytic performance toward acetaminophen degradation, achieving complete removal under UV irradiation. LC-MS analyses confirmed the disappearance of acetaminophen signals after treatment and revealed the formation of intermediate compounds associated with oxidative degradation pathways and radical coupling reactions. EPR spin-trapping experiments demonstrated the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), supporting the proposed photocatalytic mechanism. Under visible-light irradiation, the M1C15 sample achieved 18.2% paracetamol removal, indicating photocatalytic activity beyond the UV region. DRS, FTIR, EPR, and XPS analyses suggested that this behavior is associated with the formation of TiS₂ species on the surface of M1C15. These findings show that the proposed low-cost synthesis route produces promising photocatalysts for the treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewater under natural or artificial irradiation conditions with reduced energy demand.
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