ArticleTranslational vision science & technology2026
Refractive Error Coverage and Related Sociodemographic Factors: A Study of 1.1 Million Students in Schools of Hubei Province, China.
Article in Translational vision science & technology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of refractive error coverage and its multidimensional sociodemographic influencing factors among 1.1 million school-aged students in Hubei Province, China. Methods: This population-based, cross-sectional study (2022-2024) included 1,113,548 students selected via stratified cluster sampling across Hubei Province, China. Standardized clinical assessments comprised distance visual acuity (VA) and noncycloplegic autorefraction. Students were defined as eligible for correction if presenting with functional visual impairment (uncorrected VA >0.2 logMAR) accompanied by myopia (≤-0.50 diopters [D]), hyperopia (≥+2.00 D), or astigmatism (≥0.75 D). Refractive error coverage was calculated as the proportion of eligible students possessing vision-improving glasses. A nested questionnaire substudy (n = 17,014) evaluated multidimensional sociodemographic determinants. Predictors of coverage were identified using both multivariate logistic regression and a random forest machine learning algorithm. Results: Of the 1,113,548 students, 41.26% were eligible for correction, and the overall refractive error coverage was 57.92%. Coverage was significantly positively associated with educational level and inversely with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) severity (P < 0.001). Logistic regression revealed higher coverage was significantly associated with female gender, non-left-behind status (odds ratio = 2.30), better academic performance, higher parental education, and parental glasses wear. Random forest analysis identified bilateral UCVA and grade level as the top predictors of coverage. Conclusions: Refractive error coverage among Hubei students remains suboptimal. Improving these rates requires targeted public health interventions prioritizing males, lower-grade students, and rural/left-behind children, alongside initiatives to enhance parental eye health literacy. Translational Relevance: By translating data from over 1.1 million students into predictive models, this study provides a robust, evidence-based foundation to optimize targeted clinical vision screening protocols for vulnerable pediatric populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.