ReviewClinical and experimental vaccine research2026
Microneedle patch technologies in virology: bridging immunization, antiviral therapy, and point-of-care diagnostics.
Review in Clinical and experimental vaccine research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microneedle patches (MNPs) represent a transformative transdermal delivery platform capable of painlessly penetrating the superficial layers of the skin to enable efficient delivery of vaccines, antiviral therapeutics, genetic payloads, and diagnostic agents. By directly targeting the epidermal and dermal compartments, which are densely populated with antigen-presenting cells, microneedle (MN)-based delivery can enhance immune activation while reducing antigen dose requirements and improving patient acceptability. These attributes are particularly relevant in virology, where rapid, scalable, and user-friendly delivery systems are essential for routine immunization programs, outbreak response, and pandemic preparedness. Recent advances have expanded MN applications beyond vaccination to include controlled antiviral drug delivery, transdermal administration of nucleic acid-based platforms, and minimally invasive viral diagnostics through interstitial fluid sampling. The solid-state stability of many MN formulations further offers the potential to reduce cold-chain dependence, addressing a major logistical barrier in global vaccine distribution. This review critically examines the design principles, immunological rationale, and virology-specific applications of MNP technologies, spanning preventive, therapeutic, and diagnostic domains. Current translational challenges-including manufacturing scalability, regulatory classification, dose precision, and user variability-are also discussed to provide a balanced assessment of the clinical readiness and future potential of MNPs in virology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.