ArticleFrontiers in chemistry2026
Enhanced adsorption of ciprofloxacin from water using raw and phosphoric acid-modified cauliflower-leaves derived biochar: response surface optimization.
Article in Frontiers in chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a widely prescribed fluoroquinolone antibiotic, has emerged as an environmental concern because of its persistence in aquatic systems, limited removal by conventional treatment processes, and role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. While biochar adsorption has gained attention for pharmaceutical removal, the use of cauliflower-leaf-derived biochar, particularly after chemical modification, has received limited investigation. Furthermore, studies integrating optimization of both biochar preparation and adsorption performance remain scarce. In the present study, raw cauliflower-leaf biochar (CLB10) and phosphoric-acid-modified biochar (PAM-CLB1.5) were evaluated for CIP removal from water using Response Surface Methodology based on a Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimized preparation conditions, i.e., pyrolysis time, temperature, and particle size for CLB10 were identified as 90 min, 475 °C, and 272.5 μm, respectively. Under optimized adsorption conditions, CLB10 achieved 78.43% CIP removal, whereas PAM-CLB1.5 exhibited substantially higher removal efficiency (97.54%), demonstrating the beneficial effect of phosphoric acid modification. Surface characterization showed that acid treatment enhanced pore development, increased specific surface area from 15.03 to 24.65 m
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