ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Cross-cultural validation of the sports performance questionnaire in Chinese adolescent football players: a confirmatory factor analysis study.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: The assessment of sports performance in youth football requires culturally appropriate and psychometrically sound instruments. The Sports Performance Questionnaire (SPQ) was developed to evaluate performance-related characteristics in youth football players, but its cross-cultural validity in Chinese contexts remains unexplored. Objective: This study aimed to validate the Chinese adaptation of the Sports Performance Questionnaire (SPQ-C) among adolescent football players and examine its factorial structure, reliability, and validity. Methods: A cross-sectional validation study was conducted with 450 adolescent football players (52.2% male, mean age = 12.94 ± 0.78 years) from 24 schools across urban areas of Shandong Province, China. The SPQ-C was administered as a coach-rating instrument, consistent with the format of the original SPQ. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the original two-factor structure and a unidimensional model. Reliability and validity were assessed using established psychometric criteria. Results: The original two-factor model showed broadly adequate global fit; however, it was not retained because the correlation between the Persistence and Skill factors was extremely high (r = 0.996), indicating empirical indistinguishability and a lack of discriminant validity. The unidimensional model was therefore retained as the final SPQ-C structure. The final model showed adequate global fit, although the RMSEA value was slightly above the stringent good-fit threshold. The SPQ-C demonstrated excellent internal consistency ( Conclusion: The SPQ-C provides preliminary evidence of reliability and validity as a unidimensional coach-rated instrument for assessing performance-related characteristics in Chinese adolescent football players from urban areas of Shandong Province. The findings suggest that, in the present Chinese coach-rating context, persistence- and skill-related indicators were not empirically separable. Further validation is needed in more geographically diverse samples and with larger multi-school test-retest subsamples.
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