Sturge-Weber syndrome: Updates in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

Objectives: We summarize the current knowledge of Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) including genetic involvement, difficulties in diagnosis, symptoms caused by the vascular malformations, treatments, and future areas of research. Methods: PubMed searches were completed between October and December of 2022 including the following search terms: Sturge-Weber neuroimaging, Sturge-Weber ocular involvement, Sturge-Weber G-protein alpha q subunit ( Results: Literature suggests that early identification of brain involvement is essential for optimal medical care. Infants with a port-wine birthmark on the forehead, temple, or eyelids are at risk for SWS brain and eye involvement. Neuroimaging findings include leptomeningeal enhancements, cortical calcifications, and brain atrophy, and diagnosis requires magnetic resonance imaging with and without contrast. Before 1 year of age, neuroimaging has low sensitivity and may underestimate the extent of involvement; imaging after 1 year of age is needed to exclude brain involvement. The most common underlying cause for SWS is a somatic mosaic mutation in Conclusions: SWS is a rare neurovascular disorder usually signaled by a facial port-wine birthmark. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment may improve outcomes.