Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42562954›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurology2026

Retinal layers prognosticate cognitive progression independent of relapse activity in multiple sclerosis.

Nuria Cerdá-Fuertes, Shaumya Sankar, Silvan Pless, Marc Stoessel, Shaumiya Sellathurai, Kean Schoenholzer, Federico Burguet Villena, Alessandro Cagol, Lisa Hofer, Anastasios Demirtzoglou and 11 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Nuria Cerdá-FuertesTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8753-5267
Shaumya SankarResearch Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Silvan PlessResearch Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9660-9077
Marc StoesselTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Shaumiya SellathuraiTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-8609-0426
Kean SchoenholzerTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-7755-4447
Federico Burguet VillenaTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9697-8364
Alessandro CagolTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-0553
Lisa HoferDepartment of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9312-2522
Anastasios DemirtzoglouResearch Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Bettina Fischer-BarnicolNeurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Pasquale CalabreseDepartment of Psychology and Interdisciplinary Platform Psychiatry and Psychology, Division of Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-5187
Pascal BenkertResearch Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6525-8174
Jannis MüllerTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1394-8231
Marcus D'SouzaResearch Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-9541
Konstantin GugletaUniversity Eye Clinic Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-2791
Tobias DerfussResearch Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8656-4250
Cristina GranzieraTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4917-8761
Ludwig KapposResearch Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4175-5509
Jens KuhleResearch Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-8892
Athina PapadopoulouTranslational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. athina.papadopoulou@usb.ch.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0367-1008

Funding

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung PZ00P3_216468
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOptical coherence tomography (OCT) quantifies retinal neuroaxonal loss related to neurodegeneration in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and is associated with physical and cognitive disability. However, no data exist on the relationship between OCT metrics and cognitive progression independent of relapse activity (cognitive PIRA).

objectiveTo assess if OCT can prognosticate cognitive PIRA events in pwMS.

methodsProspective study with baseline OCT (peripapillary retinal nerve fiber- (pRNFL), macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform- (mGCIPL) and inner nuclear layers (mINL)) and brief international cognitive assessment for MS (BICAMS) at yearly visits. Cognitive PIRA in each test was defined as more than 10% decrease compared to previous visit (reference) and confirmed 12 months later (confirmation visit), without relapses 90 days before or 30 days after the event and confirmation visits. We employed Cox regression models adjusting for age, baseline cognitive test, education, and treatment.

results98 pwMS followed for a median of 5 years (63% female, 81% relapsing-remitting, age: 50.5 ± 11.6 years, median EDSS: 3.0). Each 1 µm increase in pRNFL thickness was associated with a 6% lower risk of Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) PIRA events (Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.94, p = 0.027). Each 1 µm increase in mGCIPL thickness was associated with a 6% lower risk of Verbal Learning and Memory Test (VLMT) PIRA (HR = 0.94, p = 0.040). Each 1 μm increase in mINL thickness was associated with 20% lower risk of VLMT-PIRA (HR = 0.80, p = 0.030) and 50% higher risk of SDMT-PIRA events (HR = 1.50, p = 0.049).

conclusionRetinal layers can be sensitive, patient-friendly prognostic markers of cognitive PIRA in pwMS.

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionDisease ProgressionMultiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-RemittingRetinaTomography, Optical CoherenceAdultFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisProspective StudiesRecurrenceBICAMSmGCIPLmINLOCTPIRApRNFLSDMTVLMT

Identifiers

PMID42562954
PMCPMC13447463

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.