ReviewEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2026
Electrode impedance in cochlear implantation: determinants, dynamics, and clinical implications.
Review in European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
purposeTo review the factors influencing electrode impedance, including surgical, biological, and patient-specific factors; to analyze trends in impedance variation and their clinical implications; and to examine the use of impedance as a biomarker in cochlear implantation , along with recent advances aimed at reducing electrode impedance values.
methodsA narrative review was conducted from 1990 to June 2025, encompassing clinical and experimental studies examining surgical, anatomical, biological, technical, and patient-related factors associated with electrode impedance. First, an automated search was conducted across the main databases to identify all available studies on electrode impedance. A manual search was then conducted to identify additional relevant papers and ensure comprehensive coverage.
resultsScreening of approximately 180 publications, followed by review of the relevant ones, revealed that factors such as surgical techniques, correct scala insertion, insertion trauma, patient-specific characteristics, and etiology influence electrode impedance. The observed post-insertion increase in impedance is attributable to tissue reactions, including fibrosis and new bone formation. After CI surgery, impedance typically increases, then declines and stabilizes, generally within 6 months, though this timeline varies with age and other patient-specific factors. Poorer speech outcomes, reduced hearing preservation, and issues such as electrode migration or tip fold-over are associated with abnormal impedance levels. Drug-eluting electrodes, advanced coatings, and early activation are among the new advances that show promise for reducing electrode impedance values.
conclusionElectrode impedance reflects the interactions between the electrode array and the intra-cochlear environment. Understanding the determinants of impedance values and their clinical implications is critical for improving CI users' performance, guiding programming techniques, and reducing complications.
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