Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42561953›Full record

ArticleCell genomics2026

Phased T2T horse and donkey assemblies from a mule reveal peculiar equid centromere evolution.

Kai Li, Eleonora Cappelletti, Carey Dessaix, Julia Ciosek, Emily Robyn, Lauren Johnson, Nahla Hussien AbouEl Ela, Xiomara Arias, David L Adelson, Terje Raudsepp and 21 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Cell genomics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

31 authors.

Kai LiDepartment of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Eleonora CappellettiDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani," University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
Carey DessaixSchool of Biological Sciences, Adelaide University, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Julia CiosekDepartment of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Emily RobynDepartment of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Lauren JohnsonDepartment of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Nahla Hussien AbouEl ElaDepartment of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Xiomara AriasDepartment of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
David L AdelsonSchool of Biological Sciences, Adelaide University, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Terje RaudseppCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Francesca M PirasDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani," University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
Melissa L SmithDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
Elizabeth HudsonDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
Brandon D PickettGenome Informatics Section, Center for Genomics and Data Science Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Sergey KorenGenome Informatics Section, Center for Genomics and Data Science Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Brian P WalenzGenome Informatics Section, Center for Genomics and Data Science Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Shelise Y BrooksNIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Christina SisonNIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Juyun CrawfordNIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Gerard BouffardNIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Adam M PhillippyGenome Informatics Section, Center for Genomics and Data Science Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Donald MillerBaker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Douglas F AntczakBaker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Jonah CullenDepartment of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
Sam StroupeCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Brian W DavisCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Molly McCueDepartment of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
Sian A Durward-AkhurstVeterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
Jessica L PetersenDepartment of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
Elena GiulottoDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani," University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Ted KalbfleischDepartment of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. Electronic address: ted.kalbfleisch@uky.edu.

Funding

University of Minnesota Clinical and Translational Science Institute (UMN CTSI)UM1TR004405 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Bruce R Blazar, Damien A Fair · 2023 to 2026
$30.8M
CTSA K12 Program at University of MinnesotaK12TR004373 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI David H Ingbar · 2024 to 2026
$3.2M
NCATS NIH HHS K12 TR004373NCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR004405
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We present telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies of a Thoroughbred horse and a donkey derived from their mule offspring. Now adopted and annotated by NCBI as reference genomes, these assemblies resolve previously inaccessible regions, including satellite arrays, duplications, and telomeres. Equids are known to exhibit an uncoupling between satellite DNA and centromeric function. The completeness of these assemblies enabled annotation of both satellite-based and satellite-free centromeres, as well as non-centromeric satellite loci, revealing notable centromeric plasticity. They also allowed detailed characterization of the variable binding domains of CENP-A-the epigenetic determinant of centromere identity-and CENP-B, whose association with CENP-A, previously considered typical based on a few model organisms, is absent in equids. Comparative analyses of satellite repeats and centromere positions provide new insights into the accelerated karyotypic reshuffling in equid evolution. These assemblies represent foundational resources for equine genomics and support ongoing initiatives such as the Equine Pangenome Project.

Indexed as

CentromereEquidaeEvolution, MolecularAnimalsCentromere Protein ACentromere Protein BDNA, SatelliteGenomeHorsesTelomereCentromere Protein ACentromere Protein BDNA, SatelliteCENP-ACENP-Bcentromeresdonkey genomehorse genomekaryotype evolutionneocentromeresphased genomesatellite DNAtelomere to telomere

Identifiers

PMID42561953
PMCPMC13477059

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.