ArticleJournal of applied clinical medical physics2026
Impact of dopants on X‑ray attenuation of 3D‑printed polymers for mammography and tomosynthesis spectra.
Article in Journal of applied clinical medical physics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
background3D-printing enables the production of anthropomorphic breast phantoms for assessing image quality in digital mammography (DM) and breast tomosynthesis (DBT). 3D-printing materials must be selected carefully to mimic breast tissue attenuation for clinical spectra. PURPOSE: This study investigates the impact on the effective X-ray attenuation coefficient (µ
methodsFive base polymers (PLA, ABS, PETG, HIPS, RESIN) were selected among the catalogue of five manufacturers. A collection of nineteen variants (base polymer + color) was 3D-printed as step-wedges with thicknesses (t) from 0.5 to 5.5 cm and imaged on a clinical mammography system (DM: W/Rh with the anti-scatter grid, DBT: W/Al without grid, at 27, 29 and 31 kVp). The µ
resultsFor all acquisition conditions, some color variants of 3D-printed materials with the same base polymer exhibit noticeable differences in µ
conclusion3D-printed materials sharing the same polymer base can exhibit substantially different attenuation for DM/DBT spectra, resulting in different BR equivalences due to formulation variations (e.g., pigments and dopants). Therefore, phantom developers should not rely solely on base polymer designations and declared density when selecting materials for production of breast phantoms; instead, the attenuation of each specific formulation needs to be verified and periodically re-evaluated under the intended mammography conditions.
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