Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42560084›Full record

ArticleJournal of biophotonics2026

Refractive Index Engineering for Human Corneal Tissue by Femtosecond Laser Two-Photon Cross-Linking.

Pengfei Qi, Ziyan Zhou, Jinshi An, Haiyi Liu, Yifan Zhang, Hai Liu, Le Chang, Yanan Wu, Yan Wang, Olga Kosareva and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of biophotonics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Pengfei QiKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.ORCID 0000-0003-2885-2072
Ziyan ZhouKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Jinshi AnKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Haiyi LiuKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Yifan ZhangKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Hai LiuKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Le ChangLiaoning Province Key Laboratory of Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases Research, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University of Technology, DaLian, China.
Yanan WuKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Yan WangKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.ORCID 0000-0002-1257-6635
Olga KosarevaInternational Laser Center & Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-5754-1057
Andrei Savel'evInternational Laser Center & Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-1697-7487
Lie LinKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Weiwei LiuKey Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.ORCID 0000-0001-6036-9641

Funding

Nankai University Eye Institute NKYKK202302Nankai University Eye Institute NKYKK202502National Science Foundation of China 12574374National Science Foundation of China W2412044Russian Science Foundation 25-49-00154
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Clinical refractive surgeries for myopia correction generally entail stromal tissue removal with risks of postoperative complications. NIR femtosecond laser-induced corneal two-photon collagen cross-linking (two-photon CXL) through photochemical effects can lead to localized refractive index (RI) changes in the cornea, promising for non-ablative and non-incisional visual correction. However, previous studies mainly focused on hydrogels and animal corneal tissues, adopting a diffraction grating method that is difficult for biological tissue. Here we systematically investigate femtosecond laser-induced RI changes in human corneal tissue, demonstrate two-photon excitation of riboflavin leading to cross-linking, and employ direct interferometry to quantify RI changes. The maximum RI change is 3.80 ± 0.45 × 10

Indexed as

CorneaCorneal Cross-LinkingCross-Linking ReagentsLasersPhotonsRefractometryTissue EngineeringCollagenHumansRiboflavinTime FactorsCollagenCross-Linking ReagentsRiboflavin

Identifiers

PMID42560084
PMCPMC13446126

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.