ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open2026
Preoperative 3-dimensional Simulation in Aesthetic Surgery.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Many patients cannot visualize the expected outcome of aesthetic interventions. Better than verbal descriptions and confusing diagrams, preoperative simulation of outcome displays complex ideas simply and improves surgeon-patient communication. Unfortunately, objective assessment of the factors that affect simulation accuracy is still lacking. Moreover, there is no real discussion about the ethical and legal implications of an eventual mismatch between preoperative simulation and the actual surgical outcome. This review aimed to summarize the current status of 3D simulation applications in aesthetic surgery. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify clinical studies related to aesthetic surgery, measuring and reporting the accuracy of preoperative simulation compared with the achieved outcome. Results: Seventeen studies (12 on breast augmentation and 5 on rhinoplasty) were identified and included for review. No studies about other aesthetic procedures were identified. Simulation accuracy varied for rhinoplasty. Although high accuracy has been reported in various 3D breast augmentation simulation software programs, dissatisfaction with the accuracy of preoperative simulation information is not negligible. Relying solely on simulation may lead to inaccuracies. Conclusions: Undoubtedly, 3D simulation has been a significant step forward in aesthetic surgery. Originally introduced to enhance patient consultations, it is now becoming a strategic tool in planning and refining surgical interventions. The possible mismatch between simulation and outcome must be well recognized. Despite its numerous advantages, if misused, the technology can be counterproductive for both patient and surgeon. Making patients aware that simulations may not represent the final surgical outcome is essential.
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Registered trials
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