ArticleTheranostics2026
Surface-cleaned black phosphorus nanosheets chelate iron and rebalance the ferroptosis-immune axis in acute kidney injury.
Article in Theranostics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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18 authors.
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Abstract
Rationale: Nanomaterials have been explored for acute kidney injury (AKI) therapy because of their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce oxidative stress. Black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) show renoprotective potential, but spontaneous surface oxidation may weaken their redox activity and therapeutic efficacy. It remains unclear whether surface engineering can improve the biological activity of BPNSs and modulate ferroptosis and immune activation during AKI. Methods: Surface-cleaned BPNSs (sc-BPNSs) were prepared by hydrogen reduction and characterized. Fluorescence-labeled sc-BPNSs were used to examine biodistribution, and therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in mice with AKI. Results: Hydrogen reduction produced sc-BPNSs with reduced surface oxidation, stronger antioxidant activity, and improved renal accumulation. After intravenous administration, sc-BPNSs preferentially accumulated in injured kidneys, reduced ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation, alleviated tubular injury, and improved renal function. Transcriptomic analysis showed that sc-BPNSs affected pathways related to oxidative stress, iron metabolism, and immune regulation. Mechanistically, sc-BPNSs restored iron homeostasis by sequestering labile iron and regulating transferrin receptor 1/2 (TFR1/TFR2) and ferroportin (FPN1), thereby suppressing ferroptosis Conclusions: sc-BPNSs protect against AKI by reducing oxidative stress, restoring iron homeostasis, suppressing ferroptosis, and modulating macrophage activation. These findings suggest that surface-cleaned BPNSs may provide a therapeutic approach for AKI by targeting both tubular ferroptosis and inflammatory amplification.
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