ReviewFrontiers in medicine2026
Targeting molecular residual disease and immune escape in colorectal cancer recurrence: biomarker-guided immunotherapy and cell therapies.
Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) recurrence after curative-intent treatment remains a major clinical challenge. Conventional postoperative risk stratification relies on clinicopathological variables, whereas recurrence is increasingly understood as a dynamic biological process shaped by molecular residual disease (MRD), immune editing, tumor microenvironmental remodeling and therapy-resistant cellular states. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a clinically relevant MRD biomarker for identifying patients at high risk of relapse and for refining adjuvant-treatment decisions. At the same time, immune biomarkers such as mismatch repair deficiency, microsatellite instability, tumor mutational burden, antigen-presentation status, T-cell exhaustion, myeloid suppression and spatial immune exclusion determine whether recurrent disease is susceptible to immunotherapy. This Mini Review discusses how MRD and immune escape can be integrated into a biomarker-guided framework for recurrent CRC. We summarize recent evidence supporting ctDNA-guided recurrence surveillance, immune checkpoint blockade in MSI-H/dMMR CRC, vaccine-based strategies targeting neoantigens or mutant KRAS, and engineered cell therapies including CAR-T, CAR-NK and TCR-engineered approaches. We also discuss how interpretable machine-learning models and SHAP-based feature attribution may help prioritize recurrence biomarkers and enrich clinical trials, provided that models undergo rigorous external validation. A biomarker-guided strategy linking MRD detection, immune profiling and cell-therapy target selection may provide a translational pathway toward more individualized immune intervention for recurrent CRC. In this framework, AI is positioned as an auditable decision-support layer that links ctDNA kinetics, immune biomarker domains, cell-therapy eligibility, and trial-enrichment decisions rather than as an autonomous treatment selector.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.