ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
The relationship between spatial ability self-efficacy and visualization performance: psychometric evidence.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: This study adopts a holistic perspective on spatial ability by integrating preservice teachers' self-efficacy perceptions with performance-based approaches. It aims to assess spatial ability self-efficacy and examine differences across selected variables, as well as the relationship between spatial self-efficacy and visualization performance. Methods: A valid and reliable measurement instrument, the Spatial Ability Self-Efficacy Perception Scale, was developed. The scale consists of 35 items across three factors-spatial visualization, spatial relations, and spatial orientation-and demonstrates high internal consistency (Cronbach's Results: The findings indicate that preservice teachers generally report high levels of spatial self-efficacy, with higher levels in spatial visualization and spatial orientation and moderate levels in spatial relations. While no significant gender differences were observed, spatial self-efficacy perceptions differed significantly by academic program, with higher levels among preservice teachers in Mathematics Education as well as Social Studies Education. In addition, the total spatial self-efficacy perception score showed a positive and moderate association with visualization performance; at the factor level, spatial visualization and spatial relations showed moderate associations, whereas spatial orientation showed a weak association. Discussion: Overall, the results support conceptualizing spatial ability as a multidimensional construct shaped by the interaction of cognitive performance and self-efficacy perceptions. By integrating affective and cognitive dimensions of spatial thinking, this study offers psychometric, methodological, and theoretical contributions to spatial ability research and provides implications for teacher education.
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