ArticleFrontiers in physiology2026
Altered muscle-immune-gut axis response to eccentric exercise in men with well-controlled type 1 diabetes: a pilot study.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Eccentric-dominant exercise is a key component of many sports. It is also associated with exercise-induced muscle damage and activation of inflammatory responses. Physical activity, including sports, is one of the cornerstones in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1DM). However, the integrated response of the muscle-immune-gut axis to eccentric-dominant exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains poorly understood. This is the first study to evaluate the integrated muscle-immune-gut response to eccentric exercise in people with type 1 diabetes. Methods: The study comprised 39 physically active men (20-39 years old); 19 participants with well-controlled T1D, treated using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), and 20 healthy volunteers-control group. They performed a 30-minute downhill run (-10% inclination angle) at 60% VO Results: However, in men with T1D, eccentric exercise triggers significantly more severe and prolonged inflammatory response, higher IL-6 concentrations, TNF-α and values of muscle damage markers, lasting up to 24 hours, compared to healthy controls. Increased cortisol levels may indicate a prolonged physiological response to exercise stress, while heightened zonulin levels may reflect changes in the gut-immune response following exercise with a predominance of eccentric contractions. Conclusion: In active men with T1D, eccentric exercise triggers more intense, prolonged inflammatory and metabolic responses compared to healthy controls. This underscores the muscle-immune-gut axis, necessitating individualized training loads and specific recovery strategies to optimize exercise adaptation in this population.
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