ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Connecting the dots: internet access, income, and clean cooking energy adoption among rural households in Pakistan.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Access to clean cooking energy is critical for improving rural health and environmental sustainability. However, adoption remains limited in many developing regions due to financial, infrastructural, and informational constraints. Drawing on innovation diffusion and information-access frameworks, this study examines the relationship between internet use and clean cooking energy adoption among rural households in Pakistan. The analysis is based on survey data from 600 farm households collected in 2025 using a stratified random sampling approach. Employing Logit models, instrumental variable estimation, and mediation analysis, we assess both the direct effect of internet use and the mediating role of household income. Considering the potential endogeneity arising from self-selection and omitted variables, an instrumental variable approach is applied, and the results confirm that the positive association between internet use and clean cooking energy adoption remains robust. The findings show that internet use significantly increases the likelihood of adopting clean cooking energy. Mediation analysis reveals that household income partially mediates this relationship, indicating that digital connectivity promotes clean energy adoption by enhancing both economic capacity and access to information. Heterogeneity analysis further shows that the effect is stronger among middle-aged and elderly households and in geographically constrained hilly areas. These findings highlight digital connectivity as an important driver of rural energy transitions. From a policy perspective, expanding digital infrastructure, improving digital inclusion, and integrating clean energy promotion with income-enhancing strategies can accelerate the adoption of clean cooking energy and improve rural welfare in developing countries.
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