ArticleBMC oral health2026
Mechanical performance and color stability of 3D-printed ceramic-filled resin following various bleaching regimens: an in vitro study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundRecent material science advancements enabled a 3D-printable ceramic-filled resin for restorations. Additive manufacturing produces crowns, veneers, and mock-ups. Office and home bleaching agents contact teeth and restoration surfaces during application, potentially altering material properties.
objectivesThe aim of the study is to assess the compressive strength, flexural strength, surface microhardness, surface roughness, and color changes of the additive 3D-printed ceramic-filled resin before and after exposure to home and in-office tooth bleaching.
methodsA total of 150 specimens were equally distributed into control (non-bleaching), home-bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide), and in-office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide) groups (n = 50/group). Compressive strength was evaluated using a universal testing machine, flexural strength by a four-point bending test, surface microhardness using a Vickers hardness tester, surface roughness using a 3D optical profilometer, and color changes using a spectrophotometer based on the CIEDE2000 (ΔE
resultsBoth home bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide) and in-office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide) significantly reduced the compressive strength, flexural strength, and surface microhardness of the 3D-printed ceramic-filled resin while significantly increasing surface roughness (P ≤ 0.05). The in-office bleaching group exhibited significantly greater reductions in mechanical properties and higher surface roughness values than the home-bleaching group. Although bleaching produced statistically significant color changes, all ΔE
conclusionsHome bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide) and in-office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide) reduced compressive and flexural strength, microhardness, and increased roughness of 3D-printed crowns. In-office bleaching showed greater effects, while color changes remained clinically acceptable.
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