Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42555720›Full record

ArticleScience advances2026

Snow-eater heat waves of the western United States.

Alan M Rhoades, Joshua Snowball North, William Rudisill, Benjamin J Hatchett, Mark Risser, Areidy Beltran-Peña, Anne Heggli, Scott Hotaling, Laurie S Huning, Andrew Joros and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Alan M RhoadesLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3723-2422
Joshua Snowball NorthLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7631-8021
William RudisillLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Benjamin J HatchettColorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1066-3601
Mark RisserLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1956-1783
Areidy Beltran-PeñaStanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9448-1156
Anne HeggliDesert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA.
Scott HotalingUtah State University, Logan, UT, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5965-0986
Laurie S HuningCalifornia State University, Long Beach, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0296-4255
Andrew JorosDesert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA.ORCID 0009-0003-1824-0379
Matthew LaPlanteUtah State University, Logan, UT, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6502-1492
Ankur MaheshLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Adrienne M MarshallColorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5555-2548
Rachel McCraryNational Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0741-6773
Daniel McEvoyDesert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA.
Stefan RahimiUniversity of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3188-4462
Mark S RaleighOregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1303-3472
Calen RandallUniversity of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
Abhishekh SrivastavaUniversity of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9032-4524
Michael WehnerLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5991-0082
Yang ZhouLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2835-4081
Andrew D JonesLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1913-7870

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Abrupt snowmelt, triggered by rain-on-snow events or "snow-eater heat waves," can cause flooding, initiate or accelerate snow drought, and affect water availability. However, the characteristics (e.g., area, duration, and frequency), impacts, and trends of snow-eater heat waves have received little attention. To address this gap, we developed a method to identify snow-eater heat waves and estimate their melt potential using 20th Century Reanalysis version 3 air temperature data, the TempestExtremes algorithm, and an operational snowmelt model (SNOW-17) across 1850-2015. Melt season snow-eater heat waves typically last 3 to 5 days, with three to five events, doubling snowmelt rates. Seven of 11 spring superfloods are shown to coincide with snow-eater heat waves. Since the 1850s, snow-eater heat waves have increased in area and frequency, decreased in duration, and shifted earlier in the melt season. Incorporating snow-eater heat-wave impacts into SNOW-17 enhances extreme melt estimates, improving water management support tools.

Identifiers

PMID42555720
PMCPMC13440393

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.