ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Extracellular vesicles as new-age vaccine carriers: a focused account on viral diseases.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are shifting the paradigm in vaccine development by virtue of their diverse benefits as carriers of immunogens to targeted hosts. These nano-sized naturally occurring biomolecules offer safety, transmissibility across membranes, excellent presentation of antigens and robust immune responses when engineered as vaccine delivery vehicles. Given the remarkable potential of these nanoscale biological carriers, the scientific community has witnessed substantial escalation in research activity highlighting their applications in vaccines and drug delivery. However, the research is still in its early stage and the scientists are actively striving to optimize the engineering of these molecules for effective therapeutic applications. As a research group working on similar lines, we sought to explore the diverse engineering strategies with the aim of understanding the potential of extracellular vesicles as potent vaccine delivery vehicles. We conducted a systematic search to critically screen original research studies investigating engineering of extracellular vesicles for production of vaccines against viral infections. Our analysis of the studies revealed that extracellular vesicles provide diverse engineering opportunities to enable efficient viral antigen presentation, and to elicit robust immune responses both
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