ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2026
Estimating the Economic Impact of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Agents With Decision Tree Analysis and the Monte Carlo Simulation Model.
Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNeonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) is a major health problem in livestock, causing significant economic losses due to treatment costs, growth retardation, and mortality. Accurately estimating these losses is crucial for effective herd management. Decision tree analysis and Monte Carlo simulation are powerful tools for evaluating the economic impact of different etiological agents. This study aims to determine the economic impacts of the major agents causing diarrhea in newborn calves using Monte Carlo simulation and decision tree analysis.
methodsThe material used in this study consisted of neonatal period (1-28 days) data of 1,497 calves born on a dairy farm in Türkiye. Health records, including cases of diarrhoea and causative agents, were collected and analysed. An immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test (BoviD-5 Ag, Bionote, South Korea) was used to identify the agents causing diarrhea. To estimate the economic impact of the main pathogens causing neonatal calf diarrhoea (bovine rotavirus [BRV], bovine coronavirus [BCoV], and Cryptosporidium spp.), a decision tree model and a Monte Carlo simulation were applied. These approaches allowed a general assessment of the financial losses associated with each pathogen and enabled comparison between different disease scenarios (expected and pessimistic). The modelling process was carried out using Python 3.13.
resultsIn calves without diarrhea (healthy), following only preventive measures, the cost per animal was $13.7. In calves with diarrhea (diseased), the economic loss per animal ranged from $36.82 to $1,519.58, depending on the agent (single or co-infection) and scenario (severity). In single infections, the economic losses ranged from $82.98 to $1,072.72 for Cryptosporidium spp., $61.01 to $1,183.56 for BRV, and $65.74 to $1,170.38 for BCoV. In co-infections, the losses were higher and ranged from $79.34 to $1,246.67 for BRV + BCoV; $142.32 to $1,519.58 for Cryptosporidium spp. + BCoV; $124.90 to $998.25 for BRV + Cryptosporidium spp., and $170.00 to $1,336.52 for the triple infection (Cryptosporidium spp. + BCoV + BRV). The total economic loss of diarrhea for a farm with 1,497 calves born annually was estimated at $130,502.52 (95% CI: $96,391.72-168,419.85).
conclusionEconomic losses due to calf diarrhea agents were estimated separately for single and co-infections under recovery (expected) and mortality (pessimistic) scenarios using Monte Carlo simulation and decision tree analysis. The results provide a decision support tool for farm management, resource planning, and veterinary health policy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.