ReviewCureus2026
Hyponatremia as a Prognostic Marker in Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review of Its Role Beyond the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease in Predicting Mortality.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This systematic review evaluates the prognostic significance of hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis across diverse clinical settings. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2000 and December 2025, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and a structured Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO) framework. Observational cohort studies assessing the association between serum sodium levels and mortality outcomes in adult patients with cirrhosis were included. Seven studies met the eligibility criteria, encompassing heterogeneous cohorts, including critically ill patients, transplant waitlist populations, and individuals with advanced disease states such as refractory ascites. Across the included studies, hyponatremia consistently emerged as an independent predictor of mortality, with prognostic significance observed across varying degrees of disease severity and clinical contexts. Notably, serum sodium demonstrated additional risk-stratification value beyond the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, particularly among patients with lower MELD scores, suggesting its utility in identifying high-risk individuals who may otherwise be underestimated by conventional prognostic models. From a pathophysiological perspective, hyponatremia reflects underlying circulatory and neurohumoral dysfunction, integrating key features of decompensated liver disease into a single clinically measurable parameter. Despite heterogeneity in study design and definitions of hyponatremia, the included studies generally demonstrated moderate methodological quality. Collectively, these findings support the incorporation of serum sodium into prognostic assessment frameworks while emphasizing the need for cautious interpretation and further research focusing on dynamic sodium trends and multidimensional risk-prediction models.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.