ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2026
Prevalence, Serotype Distribution, and Risk Factors Associated With
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Background: The burden of pneumococcal disease in older adults remains high in the postpneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era. We hypothesized that older adults may represent a carriage reservoir of Methods: Paired naso- and oropharyngeal (NP and OP) swabs and questionnaires were collected during 2019-2022 from adults ≥65 years of age. Pneumococcal carriage and serotype distribution were determined by phenotypical and molecular methods. Results: A total of 172/1764 participants (9.8% [95% confidence interval {CI} 8.4-11.2]) were positive for carriage of Conclusions: Older adults were carriers of a wide range of IPD-causing serotypes. Both carriage and IPD serotypes were mainly comprised of non-PCV13 serotypes. Immunization with higher valency conjugated vaccines is likely required to reduce residual pneumococcal disease among older adults.
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