Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42553573›Full record

ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2026

A Multidesign Study of 4CMenB Vaccine Effectiveness and Impact on Meningococcal Carriage and Gonorrhea in Northern Territory Adolescents and Young People.

Mark McMillan, Bing Wang, Vicki Krause, Belinda Greenwood-Smith, Rosalind Webby, Jerry Chen, Rob Baird, Joanne Gerrell, Kaylene Prince, Lisa Whop and 13 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

23 authors.

Mark McMillanRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6490-7707
Bing WangRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Vicki KrauseNT Department of Health, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory, Australia.
Belinda Greenwood-SmithNT Department of Health, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory, Australia.
Rosalind WebbyNT Department of Health, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory, Australia.
Jerry ChenNT Department of Health, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0929-6950
Rob BairdTerritory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northern Territory, Australia.
Joanne GerrellNT Department of Health, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory, Australia.
Kaylene PrinceNT Department of Health, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory, Australia.
Lisa WhopNational Centre for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Lynne GilesSchool of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9054-9088
Jana BednarzSchool of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-1638
John KaldorTheKirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Heather D'AntoineMenzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
Michael BinksMenzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
Ross AndrewsMenzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
Peter RichmondWesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7562-7228
Kristine MacartneyNational Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-0232
David WhileyUQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland and Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Andrew LawrenceAdelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Helen Petousis-HarrisGlobal Vaccine Data Network and School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
James WardPoche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Helen MarshallRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Emerging evidence suggests the 4CMenB vaccine provides moderate protection against gonorrhea, likely due to the close genetic relationship between Methods: All adolescents aged 14-19 years in the NT were eligible to receive two doses of 4CMenB between 2021 and 2023. Participants had oropharyngeal swabs collected at baseline and 12 months. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against gonorrhea was assessed using linked notification and immunization data. A Cox proportional hazards model stratified by sex, age, and geography estimated VE. Mixed-effects logistic regression estimated postvaccination odds of meningococcal carriage. Results: A total of 30 650 adolescents were included in the VE analysis, with 9.6% receiving 2 doses of 4CMenB, and 42.4% of the population identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders. Gonococcal notifications were reduced in vaccinated adolescents (VE 38.4%, 95% CI: 18.6-53.4). Overall, meningococcal carriage increased from 4.0% to 6.2% (OR 1.68, 95% CI: 1.14-2.48), driven by genogroup B and nongroupable strains. Carriage of disease-associated meningococci remained stable. Conclusions: 4CMenB confers modest protection against gonorrhea in a real-world setting with higher adolescent disease prevalence. These findings are important for women, considering infections are often asymptomatic and have the potential for serious complications. The NT has now introduced a 4CMenB infant and adolescent program.

Indexed as

4CMenB vaccineadolescentsgonorrheameningococcal carriagevaccine effectiveness

Identifiers

PMID42553573
PMCPMC13435330

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.