ArticlePhysiological reports2026
Beta-casein in human milk is associated with infant stool frequency: A pilot proteomics study.
Article in Physiological reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Breast milk proteins may regulate gut function and defecation frequency; however, their specific roles in these processes remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that variations in specific human milk proteins are associated with differences in stool frequency among exclusively breastfed infants. Infants were categorized into three groups based on defecation frequency: Group A (normal, 1-3 times per day), Group B (frequent, >3 times per day), and Group C (infrequent, ≤1 time every 3-4 days). Each group consisted of three biological replicates (total N = 9). This study was an exploratory pilot study. Breast-milk samples were analyzed using tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins across groups. Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses were conducted to explore functional pathways. A total of 2563 proteins were identified; β-casein, α
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