ArticleBiodegradation2026
Gypsum-based idol immersion waste as a novel additive for improved heavy metal immobilization during in-vessel composting of organic waste.
Article in Biodegradation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Idol immersion waste (IIW) generated during Indian festivals is an emerging source of aquatic pollution due to heavy metals released from gypsum-based idols and synthetic pigments. This study investigated laboratory-scale in-vessel composting as a circular strategy for detoxification and resource recovery of IIW. Six bioreactors containing food waste, garden waste, cow manure, biochar, and varying gypsum proportions were operated for 30 days. ICP-OES analysis identified elevated Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in idol-derived residues. Sequential extraction revealed progressive transformation of metals from labile fractions to stable oxidizable and residual forms, indicating effective immobilization. Near-complete stabilization of Pb, Ni, and Hg was achieved their bioavailable fractions and water-soluble concentrations declining below analytical detection limits (immobilization factor 82.8-97.4%) respectively, in optimized treatments. FE-SEM-EDX revealed surface precipitates and metal-calcium co-location consistent with secondary mineral formation and possible co-precipitation. Germination index values (125-344%) and compliance with fertilizer standards demonstrated agronomic safety. The findings establish composting as a scalable pathway for converting hazardous festival waste into value-added organic amendments.
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