ArticleJournal of veterinary science2026
Development of a dynamic anatomical model using 3D printing for the study of TPLO surgical technique in small-breed dogs.
Article in Journal of veterinary science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
importanceThe Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) is a widely performed surgical technique for treating cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. However, practical learning for this procedure faces challenges due to the lack of adequate hands-on methods.
objectiveThis study aimed to develop a dynamic anatomical phantom using three-dimensional (3D) printing and various materials to provide an efficient and safe alternative to cadavers in TPLO teaching.
methodsA phantom was designed to accurately reproduce the bone, ligament, muscle, and vascular structures of the canine stifle joint. The model was created using 3D printing and synthetic components, allowing continuous and repeatable practice while offering a clear understanding of each surgical step.
resultsThe model faithfully mimics real canine anatomy, enabling detailed visualization of the structures involved in TPLO. Its anatomical precision facilitates comprehension of knee biomechanics both preoperatively and postoperatively, enhancing technical learning. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The dynamic phantom proved to be an effective complementary tool for TPLO understanding, providing a safe, ethical, and reproducible alternative to cadaver use and helping to reduce the surgical learning curve.
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