ArticleCase reports in oncology
Glioblastoma beyond the Brain: A Case Series Demonstrating Systemic Metastatic Potential.
Article in Case reports in oncology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor that rarely metastasizes outside the central nervous system, with reported rates of extracranial dissemination below 2%. Increasing survival and improved diagnostic capabilities may contribute to more frequent detection of this phenomenon. Case Presentation: We describe a retrospective case series of 3 consecutive patients with histopathologically confirmed IDH-wild-type GBM who developed extracranial metastases at our institution. Clinical, radiological, pathological, and molecular data were extracted from medical records. Histopathological confirmation of metastatic disease was achieved in 2 of three patients, and an independent second-opinion pathology review was obtained for 1 case. Patient 1 (55-year-old man) developed cervical lymph node metastasis within 6 months of initial resection despite Conclusions: This series illustrates three distinct biological trajectories of extracranial GBM dissemination and supports the concept that prolonged survival, repeated surgical interventions, and specific molecular features (mesenchymal differentiation, PD-L1 expression,
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