ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Frequency-dependent associations of contrast sensitivity and corneal aberrations after SMILE PRO in eyes with high astigmatism.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Visual quality after SMILE PRO in eyes with high astigmatism remains incompletely characterized, particularly with respect to contrast sensitivity across spatial frequencies and postoperative anterior corneal aberrations. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 160 eyes of 102 patients with manifest astigmatism ≥2.00 D who underwent SMILE PRO using the VISUMAX 800. Patients underwent preoperative and postoperative assessment of visual acuity, manifest refraction, mesopic contrast sensitivity at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles per degree, and anterior corneal wavefront aberrations calculated for a 6-mm pupil. Follow-up was performed at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Generalized estimating equation models were used to account for inter-eye correlation and to evaluate associations between 3-month visual quality outcomes and preoperative refractive characteristics, intraoperative optical zone diameter, decentration category, and cyclotorsion. Results: At 3 months, refractive outcomes were stable, with 98.8% of eyes achieving uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/25 or better. Preoperative astigmatism subgroup was not significantly associated with postoperative total higher-order aberrations, coma, spherical aberration, or contrast sensitivity. A larger intraoperatively selected optical zone diameter was consistently associated with lower postoperative anterior corneal aberrations. Preoperative spherical equivalent was associated with total higher-order aberrations and spherical aberration, while absolute cyclotorsion was associated with coma. Exploratory analyses of contrast sensitivity showed frequency-specific nominal associations with preoperative spherical equivalent, cylinder, and decentration category. Conclusion: At 3 months after SMILE PRO in eyes with high astigmatism, anterior corneal aberration and contrast sensitivity outcomes showed exploratory associations with refractive magnitude and intraoperatively selected optical zone diameter, with additional findings related to cyclotorsion and decentration category. Categorical astigmatism severity was not significantly associated with these outcomes. However, this null finding should be interpreted cautiously because the astigmatism subgroups were imbalanced and relatively few eyes had very high astigmatism. These short-term findings require confirmation in larger comparative studies with longer follow-up.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.