Gender Differences in Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices Related to Pesticide Use Among Vegetable Farmers in the Hills of Nepal: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Background and Aims: Overuse and misuse of chemical pesticides remain a major threat to public health in agricultural communities of the least developed and low-income countries. Gender-based differences in agricultural settings, access to agricultural information, and decision-making play a crucial role in influencing farmers' knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors related to the application of pesticides. However, gender-disaggregated evidence from Nepal is scarce. Methods: A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted among 244 vegetable farmers in Palpa district, Nepal. Data were collected through household surveys using a semi-structured questionnaire assessing knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors related to the application of pesticides. Additional data were obtained through focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field visits. Gender-based differences were analyzed using Results: A significant gender difference was observed in relation to pesticide knowledge, particularly regarding safe application intervals/waiting periods, pesticide dosages, toxicity labels, and regulatory awareness, with women demonstrating comparatively poor knowledge levels. Both men and women perceived pesticides as deleterious to human health and the environment; however, many recognized pesticides are essential substance for preventing, destroying, and mitigating pests and plant diseases, thereby maintaining crop yield. Pesticide retailers were the key source of pesticide information for most farmers, especially women, while formal extension service providers played a negligible role. Unsafe handling and improper disposal practices, including burning pesticide packets/containers and storing leftover pesticides, were common. Although self-reported adoption of basic safety measures was high, our analysis revealed gaps between reported and actual practices due to budget, comfort, and limited access. Conclusion: This study highlighted critical gender-based disparities in pesticide use knowledge and safety practices among vegetable farmers in the hills of Nepal. Addressing these gaps requires gender-responsive education and training, strengthened rules and regulations of pesticide retailers, improved access to high-quality protective equipment, and broader promotion of integrated pest management to reduce pesticide use and pesticide-related exposures and health risks. Illegal imports and sales of banned pesticides warrant severe punishment as per the rules and regulations of the government authorities.