ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2026
ASQ-3 developmental outcomes at six months in a Bulgarian infant cohort: a cross-cultural comparison with U.S. norms.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Early developmental screening relies heavily on U.S.-standardized normative benchmarks, raising questions about cross-cultural stability and the relative influence of biological vs. contextual factors during infancy. This study examined Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) outcomes at six months in a Bulgarian infant cohort in comparison with established U.S. norms. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 155 infants (six months chronological or corrected age) were assessed using the ASQ-3 during routine pediatric visits. One-sample Results: Cross-cultural comparisons showed statistically significant differences in Gross Motor ( Conclusions: ASQ-3 outcomes at six months suggest a high degree of cross-cultural similarity in this Southeastern European infant cohort. Variability in developmental outcomes in the present cohort appeared more strongly associated with biological risk factors than with cross-cultural contextual variation during early infancy. These findings support the use of ASQ-3 in the Bulgarian clinical context and highlight the importance of integrating perinatal risk factors into early developmental surveillance.
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