Oral mucosal lesions among dental outpatients in Al-ahsa, Saudi Arabia: prevalence, clinical patterns and associated determinants: a cross-sectional study.

Background/objectives: Oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) are common worldwide and can disrupt daily activities by affecting chewing, swallowing and speech. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of OMLs among Saudis attending a dental clinic in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, identify their clinical patterns and examine associated determinants. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between May and September 2023. All Saudis the King Faisal University dental complex were invited to participate. OMLs were diagnosed based on clinical features, and well-trained, calibrated examiners carried out the assessments. Results: A total of 462 patients participated, including 282 (61%) males, with a mean age of 23.01 ± 15.39 years (SD). The majority were older than 18 years (272, 58.9%). OMLs were identified in 214 participants (46.3%). Just over half of those affected had a single lesion (54.7%), while 42.5% presented with two lesions. The most common lesions observed were linea alba (41, 19.2%), melanin pigmentation (40, 18.7%) and bone exostosis (22, 10.3%). OMLs were more prevalent among males (148, 69.2%) and participants older than 18 years (183, 85.5%; Conclusions: OMLs were observed in 46.3% of dental attendees, with the most frequently noted types being linea alba, oral melanin pigmentation and bone exostosis. These lesions were more common among males, adults, individuals with lower literacy and employed participants. These findings indicate the common occurrence of benign oral mucosal conditions in this population and suggest that clinicians should maintain regular vigilance during dental examinations.