ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Tea saponin-soybean oil submicron emulsion promotes durable protective immunity against
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Inactivated Methods: Inactivated Results: TS-Pm formed a stable oil-in-water submicron emulsion of approximately 300 nm with low polydispersity, negative surface charge and preserved morphology after 6 months at 4 °C. In RAW264.7 macrophages, TS-Pm increased antigen uptake, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and CD80, CD86 and MHC-II expression. Compared with alum-adjuvanted vaccine, TS-Pm maintained higher Pm-specific IgG responses, increased both IgG1 and IgG2a, and promoted plasmablast, plasma cell and germinal-center-associated B-cell responses. TS-Pm also enhanced antigen-responsive splenic proliferation, cytokine-producing CD4 Conclusion: Tea saponin-soybean oil submicron emulsion improved the durability, breadth and protective efficacy of immune responses induced by an inactivated
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