ArticleFrontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry2026
Optimizing joint engagement in autism: considering toddler developmental abilities and caregiver stress.
Article in Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Play interactions between caregivers and their toddlers provide a critical context for the emergence of joint engagement, a state that supports early learning andsocial communication. Differences in toddler's developmental characteristics and caregiver experiences may influence how joint engagement is established during these interactions. This study examined whether toddler characteristics, including age, cognitive abilities, language abilities (expressive and receptive), and caregiver stress attenuated or amplified the association between caregiver strategy use and joint engagement in toddlers with autism. Methods: Participants include 80 toddlers with autism ( Results: Results indicated that age, cognitive abilities, expressive and receptive language significantly moderated the association between caregiver strategy use and joint engagement. The positive association between higher quality caregiver strategies and joint engagement was stronger for toddlers who were older and had more advanced cognitive and language abilities. In contrast, caregiver stress attenuated this relationship, such that higher quality caregiver strategies were less predictive of joint engagement at higher levels of stress. Discussion: These findings suggest that the impact of caregiver strategies on engagement is shaped by both toddler developmental capacities and caregiver well-being, highlighting the importance of tailoring caregiver-mediated interventions to account for individual differences in the toddler - caregiver dyad to optimize joint engagement outcomes.
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