ArticleBMJ open2026
Explorative thematic qualitative analysis of a UK emergency medical systems staff's experiences, perceptions and interpretations of violence and aggression directed towards them.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundEmergency medical services (EMS) staff worldwide have long been at risk of encountering violence and aggression (V&A) at work, including threats, verbal, physical and sexual assault, and on rare occasions, fatalities occur. Exposure to V&A can result in stress, fear and burnout. This is an international problem and EMS employers, trade unions and others are working towards tackling it. The aim of this research was to conduct an exploratory qualitative interview study of EMS staff focusing on experiences, perceptions and interpretations of V&A directed towards them.
methodsThis study took place in 2022 in one UK ambulance service covering a population of three million people. Individual, one-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with EMS staff via a Voice over Internet Protocol. Data were thematically analysed drawing on evolved grounded theory methodology concepts.
results10 EMS staff were interviewed, and the following categories emerged:
conclusionProtecting EMS staff from V&A is complex and multifaceted, and we have conducted a thematic analysis drawing on evolved grounded theory concepts that proposes V&A in EMS may be borne out of, and sustained, by systemic frustration and gender-based issues. We draw on Dollard's
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