Nanotechnology-Enabled Approaches in Poultry Coccidiosis Management: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Avian coccidiosis, a disease resulting from infection by various Eimeria species, is a major constraint to global poultry production, causing considerable economic losses and affecting animal performance. Traditional approaches to coccidiosis control, such as anticoccidials and live vaccines, face limitations in their use owing to resistance, safety concerns, and species-specific immunity. In this regard, subunit, DNA, and multi-epitope vaccines have been tested against coccidiosis, but their efficacy is hindered by the instability of the vaccine antigens and a lack of cross-protection. However, recent advances in nanotechnology may provide a solution to the limitations associated with traditional approaches to coccidiosis control. For instance, nanoparticles may improve vaccine efficacy by stabilizing vaccine antigens, facilitating their delivery, and modulating immune responses. Furthermore, various nanoparticle therapeutics, such as plant-based and metal-based nanoparticles, and nano-encapsulated anticoccidials, may also reduce oocyst shedding and improve gut health and antioxidant status. Although this is a positive step in coccidiosis control, there are many issues that need to be resolved. This review provides a critical analysis of recent advances in various aspects of nanotechnology-based approaches to coccidiosis control, their potential, and research gaps.