ArticlePLoS computational biology2026
Closed-loop real-virtual interactions validate 3D model of social coordination in fish.
Article in PLoS computational biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Collective motion in animal groups arises from social interaction rules, yet uncovering these rules requires quantitative models grounded in real behavior. We developed a fully three-dimensional, data-driven model of pairwise interactions in the schooling fish Hemigrammus rhodostomus, reconstructing the attraction and alignment interactions from experiments with two real fish swimming freely in a hemispherical bowl. Simulations of this model quantitatively reproduced empirical distributions of speed, distance, and orientation. We then embedded the model into a closed-loop virtual reality system, allowing a real fish to interact in real time with a virtual conspecific whose movements were governed by the same interaction rules. This biohybrid setup revealed that the model captures key social interactions underlying coordinated swimming. Our results establish a robust validation framework linking data, models, and behavior, paving the way for hybrid biological-digital collectives.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.