Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42545593›Full record

ArticleEndocrine2026

Time in tight range and time in range in relation to diabetic retinopathy and OCTA-derived retinal microvascular parameters in hospitalized adults with type 1 diabetes.

Ruoxuan Zheng, Cong Zhang, Xiaotong Sun, Jingjing Li, Li Wang, Shimeng Huang, Rui Hou, Siyu Dong, Shuang Wu, Hongxue Li and 6 more

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Article in Endocrine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Ruoxuan ZhengDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Cong ZhangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Xiaotong SunDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Jingjing LiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Li WangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Shimeng HuangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Rui HouDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Siyu DongDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Shuang WuDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Hongxue LiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Linlin ZhangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Binglin KuangHeilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Lei ZhengThe First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Baiwen ZhangThe First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Changwei YangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Hongyu KuangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China. kuanghongyu@hrbmu.edu.cn.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 82170832, No. 82370827National Science and Technology Major Project No. 2024ZD0523300
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimTime in Tight Range (TITR) is physiologically closer to normoglycemia than time in range (TIR) and has been linked to microvascular risk. We aimed to evaluate associations of TITR with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)-derived retinal parameters in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to compare its performance with TIR.

methodsWe retrospectively included adults with T1D who underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and OCTA. TITR-DR associations were tested using multivariable logistic regression with restricted cubic splines. Linear mixed-effects models assessed TITR/TIR associations with OCTA-derived parameters, followed by exploratory threshold-based comparisons. DR discrimination of TITR versus TIR was assessed using ROC analysis.

resultsWe analyzed 259,568 glucose readings from 153 participants. Each 10-percentage-point increase in TITR was associated with 29.5% lower odds of DR (adjusted OR 0.705; p = 0.004), without evidence of nonlinearity. In continuous analyses, both TITR and TIR were positively associated with deep vascular complex (DVC) vessel density and perfusion area; in exploratory threshold-based analyses, the TITR 50% cutoff showed significant DVC differences, whereas the TIR 70% cutoff showed no consistent differences. DR discrimination was similar for TITR and TIR (p = 0.635), whereas TITR was more closely related to hypoglycemia exposure (p < 0.01).

conclusionsHigher TITR was associated with lower odds of DR and more favorable DVC vessel density and perfusion area in hospitalized adults with T1D. TITR showed DR discrimination comparable to TIR but may provide complementary information on hypoglycemia exposure and DVC differences in threshold-based analyses.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Diabetic RetinopathyMicrovesselsRetinal VesselsAdultBlood GlucoseContinuous Glucose MonitoringFemaleHospitalizationHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesTime FactorsTomography, Optical CoherenceBlood GlucoseContinuous Glucose MonitoringDiabetic RetinopathyOptical Coherence Tomography AngiographyTime in RangeTime in Tight RangeType 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Identifiers

PMID42545593

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.