SynthesisInternational journal of biometeorology2026
The effect of water immersion thermotherapy on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in International journal of biometeorology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A systematic review of the effects of water immersion thermotherapy (WIT) on sleep quality in healthy adults. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of science, Embase, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, Wiley Online Library, PEDro, CNKI, SinoMed and Yiigle databases. A meta-analysis method was adopted to evaluate the improvement of sleep quality by using WIT. By calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), and selecting either a common effects model or a random effects model for data pooling and analysis. A total of ten randomized controlled trials were included in this study. The results showed that WIT significantly increased total sleep time (SMD = 0.63, P = 0.0438) and significantly improved sleep efficiency (SMD = 0.64, P = 0.0419). However, there were no significant effects on sleep latency (P = 0.0877) or the pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Furthermore, there were no significant effects on PSQI-total score (P = 0.1136), PSQI-subjective sleep quality (P = 0.3721), PSQI-sleep latency (P = 0.0864), PSQI-sleep duration (P = 0.1402), PSQI-sleep efficiency (P = 0.6793), PSQI-sleep disturbances (P = 0.0580), PSQI-use of sleep medication (P = 0.9991), or PSQI-day time dysfunction (P = 0.6525) among the various indicators of the PSQI. WIT can significantly prolong total sleep time and improve sleep efficiency, but has no significant effect on the improvement of subjective sleep quality, indicating that the sleep-improving effect of WIT has certain limitations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42545422What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.