ArticleEuropean journal of neurology2026
Update on the Incidence of Paediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Aquaporin-4 Antibody-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder, and Other Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes in the Netherlands, 2017-2025, Including the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Article in European journal of neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAcquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) in children include multiple sclerosis (MS), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+ NMOSD), and other seronegative disorders. We previously reported an increased incidence of overall paediatric ADS and MS between 2007 to 2010 and 2011-2016 (from 0.66 to 0.80 and 0.15 to 0.26 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). Environmental factors, including viral exposure, may influence these rates. Comparing a recent period that includes the COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to study temporal patterns.
methodsChildren < 18 years with a first demyelinating event between January 2017 and June 2025 were prospectively included in the nationwide PROUDkids 2.0 study or referred to the Dutch Paediatric MS Centre. Diagnoses followed international criteria, and incidence rates were calculated using national population data.
resultsAmong 257 included children, 111 (43%) had MS, 93 (36%) MOGAD, 5 (2%) AQP4+ NMOSD, and 48 (19%) seronegative ADS. Overall ADS incidence was 0.91 per 100,000 person-years, with MS 0.40, MOGAD 0.33, AQP4+ NMOSD 0.02, and seronegative ADS 0.16 per 100,000 person-years. Compared with 2011-2016 (0.26 per 100,000), MS incidence increased, whereas other ADS rates remained stable. MS incidence declined after COVID-19 restrictions, particularly among adolescents, while MOGAD incidence rose modestly in younger children during the COVID restrictions.
conclusionsPaediatric MS incidence continues to rise in the Netherlands, whereas the incidence of other ADS remains stable. Temporal variations in the incidence of MS and MOGAD during and after the COVID-19 pandemic may reflect the influence of viral exposure in their pathogenesis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.