Return Migration and Contraceptive Use in Mexico.

Return migration, whether voluntary or forced, can disrupt individuals' lives as they navigate life in a country that may feel unfamiliar. This disruption often extends to healthcare, including reproductive care. The migration experience, combined with differences between healthcare systems-in terms of availability, accessibility, and affordability-may create barriers to contraceptive access. This study utilizes data from the 2014, 2018, and 2023 National Survey of Demographic Dynamics (ENADID) surveys to analyze contraceptive use and access among female Mexican returnees. Findings indicate that returnees are more likely to use contraception than nonmigrants, particularly short-acting hormonal methods (SACs), while being less likely to rely on permanent methods. These patterns suggest that both migrant selectivity and adaptation shape contraceptive behavior. However, important differences emerge by time since return. Women who recently returned are less likely to use SACs and long-acting contraceptives and are more likely to obtain contraception from private clinics and pharmacies, compared to those with longer residence in Mexico. At the same time, there is little evidence that these patterns reflect shifts in fertility preferences. Instead, findings point more strongly to disruption and barriers to public healthcare following return. Overall, results highlight the need for reproductive healthcare interventions that better support return migrants during reintegration.