SynthesisBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2026
Efficacy and safety of cannabinoids in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.
Synthesis in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Efficacy and safety of cannabinoids in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsThis work aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of MS-related spasticity.
methodsSystematic searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS on 2 December 2025. Randomized controlled trials evaluating natural or synthetic cannabinoids for MS-related spasticity were included. Studies published in non-Roman characters and those assessing recreational cannabis use were excluded. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the RoB 2 tool. Qualitative synthesis, pairwise random-effects meta-analyses, and Bayesian network meta-analysis were conducted. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE and CINeMA.
resultsTwenty-seven studies (>3000 participants) were included. Interventions comprised tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol (THC:CBD) extracts, other cannabis extracts, isolated cannabinoids (natural or synthetic), and smoked cannabis. In pairwise meta-analysis (7 studies), THC:CBD extracts reduced patient-reported spasticity versus placebo (MD -0.82; 95% CI -1.24 to -0.40; I
conclusionsCannabinoids provide modest improvements in patient-reported spasticity in MS, with more consistent effects for THC:CBD extracts. Given the low certainty of evidence and limited objective benefits, cannabinoids should be considered cautiously as adjunctive therapy with appropriate safety monitoring.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.