Resveratrol Nanoformulations for Cancer Management: A Comprehensive Review of Disease-Specific Strategies and Clinical Translational Barriers.

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for therapeutic strategies that reduce systemic toxicity and drug resistance. Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenolic stilbenoid, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, and chemosensitizing activities. However, its clinical translation is limited by poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, rapid metabolic clearance, and consequently low systemic bioavailability. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems provide a promising strategy to address these limitations. This review summarizes recent advances in RES-loaded nanoformulations, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, inorganic nanocarriers, protein-based systems, and biomimetic vesicles. Their therapeutic performance is evaluated across prostate, lung, colorectal, breast, and other cancers, with attention to tumor targeting, controlled release, combination therapy, multidrug-resistance reversal, and modulation of cancer-relevant pathways such as NF-κB, p53, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Current oncology-related clinical evidence for RES is still largely based on conventional oral or micronized formulations. Translation of engineered RES nanocarriers therefore requires stronger evidence on scalable manufacturing, carrier-specific safety, heterogeneous tumor delivery, and biomarker-guided trial design. This review also introduces a semi-quantitative prioritization framework based on model-readiness, translational priority, and safety-alert scoring for future PBPK, PK-PD, nano-QSAR, and machine-learning analyses.