ArticleInternational journal of nursing studies advances2026
How gender-sensitive is nursing care in hospitals? Results of a national questionnaire survey in cardiology in Germany.
Article in International journal of nursing studies advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Gender-sensitive personalized nursing care is part of patient-centered care and is a prerequisite for high-quality care. Although nursing expert standards include evidence-based gender-sensitive personalized nursing care recommendations, the degree of implementation in hospitals is unknown. Objectives: This study investigates the extent of gender sensitivity among nursing professionals, their level of knowledge regarding gender-sensitive personalized nursing care, and the perceived degree of institutional implementation of gender-sensitive personalized nursing care in hospital settings by nurses. Design: Quantitative questionnaire survey. Settings: German hospitals with cardiology wards or internal medicine wards (with a cardiology department). Participants: Nurses - each eligible German hospital was invited to participate in the study by e-mail. Methods: The quantitative nationwide questionnaire survey was conducted online from May 2024 to February 2025. A total of 111 questionnaires were included in the evaluation. Gender sensitivity was assessed using the validated Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale (N-GAMS). In a previous screening of the expert standards, gender-sensitive content and measures were identified and formulated into self-developed questions. Results: Nurses are moderately gender-sensitive (M = 3.46, SD=0.75) and perceive gender-sensitive personalized nursing care implementation in hospitals as 70% implemented (M = 0.70, SD=0.15). In general, nurses with higher gender sensitivity reported lower levels of implementation in hospital wards. University hospitals (p < 0.001) and hospitals with >800 beds (p < 0.05) show a lower degree of gender-sensitive personalized nursing care implementation than hospitals with ≤800 beds. Nurses who are born in Germany (p < 0.01), in comparison to nurses born in another country, show a higher gender sensitivity. Conclusion: The results show moderate gender sensitivity among nursing professionals and implementation in practice with potential for improvement. Training for nursing professionals is needed to raise awareness and close knowledge gaps related to gender-sensitive personalized nursing care. At an organizational level, change agents, gender balance, internal training, or quality circles are needed to ensure that hospitals are gender-sensitive, for example, in patient care, room occupancy, menu selections, and shift planning. Expert standards should include more practice-oriented guidance on translating theory into daily practice. Nursing professionals could serve as multipliers for patients, disseminating knowledge about gender-specific symptoms and increasing health literacy.
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