ArticleHealth science reports2026
Associations Between Demographic Characteristics, and Diabetes-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Clinical Parameters in People With Diabetes Attending Eye Clinics in Trinidad and Tobago: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Health science reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Aims: Diabetes-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and associated clinical outcomes, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), have not been adequately examined across patient demographics in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), which this study examined. Methods: A total of 194 patients with diabetes (age = 59.56 ± 12.9 years, diabetes duration = 14.29 ± 11.2 years; 59.3% females) attending various eye clinics were recruited via convenience sampling. KAP was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Data on duration of diabetes/treatment, height/weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, and DR status and severity were obtained from recent medical records. Associations between independent (age, gender, education level, employment status) and dependent variables (KAP, clinical data) were explored. Results: Of the total participants, 43.8% (85/194) were employed, 82.0% (159/194) had above primary-level education, 51.0% (99/194) were 60 years or older, 49.5% (96/194) reported doing regular physical activity, 60.6% (117/194) would be less concerned at forgetting diabetes medication, and 36.1% (70/194) were unaware that diabetic eye exam differed from basic eye test for spectacles. Females were less willing to discuss their diabetes openly, along with younger participants. DR status/severity was recorded for 78.3% (152/194) using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification; 42.8% had DR, and 5.7% had sight-threatening DR (moderate non-proliferative DR or worse, and/or the presence of diabetic macular edema). FBG (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07, Conclusion: Notable gaps in diabetes-related KAP were observed. Women/younger participants were less willing to discuss their diabetes openly. More women knew the importance of physical activity than men. Elevated FBG and lower education levels were independently associated with DR. Our findings support the need for demographically targeted education interventions for diabetic patients attending eye clinics in T&T.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.