ArticleACS omega2026
Influence of Light Exposure Time on the Vat Photopolymerization of Methacrylated PVA Microneedles.
Article in ACS omega, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) provide a minimally invasive substitute for hypodermic injections, making them a revolutionary breakthrough in transdermal medication delivery. However, high prices and geometric limitations frequently restrict traditional fabrication techniques like micromolding. This work investigates the use of high-precision vat photopolymerization 3D printing to create hydrogel-forming microneedle arrays from poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). By modification of PVA with methacrylic anhydride to methacrylated PVA (MPVA) and using lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) as a biocompatible photoinitiator, we created a photo-cross-linkable bioink. This study examined the effects of three different UV light exposure periods (30, 50, and 70 s) on the mechanical integrity, thermal stability, and morphological fidelity of the MPVA MNs in order to optimize the photopolymerization kinetics. The effective grafting of methacrylate groups onto the PVA backbone was verified by chemical analysis using FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies. A crucial trade-off was discovered by mechanical compression testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM): while short exposure intervals (30 s) produced sharp but mechanically brittle structures, lengthy exposure times (70 s) produced strong but geometrically dull needles. The best processing window was found to be 50 s, which produced microneedles with enough mechanical stiffness. These results were further supported by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which demonstrated that longer exposure times improve the cross-linking density and heat stability of the polymer network. Parafilm-based insertion testing confirmed the functional penetration capability of MPVA-50 arrays, validating the optimized exposure condition as suitable for transdermal application These findings show that Vat photopolymerization printing of MPVA is a reliable, scalable, and adjustable technique for creating transdermal delivery systems.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.