ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Evolution of Doppler ultrasound in obstetric imaging: a slow(flow) step forward.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Early applications of fetal Doppler evaluation drew on parameters derived from adult vascular examination, primarily applied to identifying fetuses at risk for growth restriction and hypoxia. The integration of color Doppler into real-time imaging facilitated a shift toward structural-functional correlation, enabling clinicians to visualize fetal cardiac outflow tracts, valve regurgitant jets, and the complex umbilical-venous connections alongside standard grayscale anatomy. Power Doppler extended these capabilities to slow flow and small caliber vascular structures. Doppler modalities have been crucial in delineating the fetal cardiovascular system, increasingly detecting complex congenital heart disease (CHD) prenatally, and illuminating cardiac and non-cardiac vascular structures that previously posed a challenge to visualization, including cerebral, hepatic, and placental capillary beds. Highly sensitive Doppler technologies such as Slow
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